This donut example has 11 nodes that complete in two revolutions (because of intertwining). The substansive part is represented by the red ball. The remainder of the image helps to visualize the path.

People are accustomed to straight lines being the normal path an object travels in the absence of an external force. The donut motion occurs in a void which allows it to travel in the manner demonstrated.

Donuts that form the fabric of space have 138 nodes that complete in a single revolution. The fabric of space consists of donut chain segments 138 links long.

Donuts that form the electron chain segment have 74445 nodes that complete in four revolutions. The electron consists of a donut chain segment 137 links long. The electron chain segment is twisted because it has one fewer links than the fabric of space.

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